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Granulomatous hepatopancreatitis: immune response of the crayfish Astacus astacus to a bacterial infection
Vogt G and Rug M 
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Abstract
Investigation of weakened Astacus astacus from our aquaria revealed a severe bacterial infection in the hepatopancreas of these crayfish. The infection was caused by gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria which induced rapid destruction of the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas tubules. The crayfish reacted with melanization and encapsulation of the infected tubules. The final result of this intense immune defense reaction were granulomas which were composed of central, bacteria including cell debris, a surrounding amorphous melanin capsule, and an outer cellular capsule. The course of granuloma formation and the role of the different types of haemocytes in this process was deduced from histological, histochemical and ultrastructural investigations of various maturation stages of granulomas.
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Vogt G and Rug M. (1996). Granulomatous hepatopancreatitis: immune response of the crayfish Astacus astacus to a bacterial infection. Freshwater Crayfish 11(1):451-464. doi: 10.5869/fc.1997.v11.451
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